The Template of a Technical Paper
TITLE
An effective title should…Answer the reader’s question:
- Is this article relevant to me?
- Grab the reader’s attention
- Describe the content of a paper using the fewest possible words
- Is crisp, concise
- Uses keywords
Example:
Title selected:
A Human Expert-based Approach to Electrical Peak Demand Management
Title Rejected:
A better approach of managing environmental and energy sustainability via a study of different methods of electric load forecasting
ABSTRACT
The abstract allows a researcher to quickly evaluate the content of your paper, and judge whether it is relevant to their research. As a result, an abstract need to convey a complete synopsis of the paper, but within a tight word limit.
A standalone condensed version of the article with not more than 250 words which I written in the past tense using keywords.
Writing an abstract includes briefly introducing the general topic of the work and then explaining the exact research question, including the aims. It should then include a brief description of the methodology, the results, and the discussion.
Example:
Good Abstract:
The objective of this paper was to propose a human expert-based approach to electrical peak demand management. The proposed approach helped to allocate demand curtailments (MW) among distribution substations (DS) or feeders in an electric utility service area based on requirements of the central load dispatch center. Demand curtailment allocation was quantified taking into account demand response (DR) potential and load curtailment priority of each DS, which can be determined using DS loading level, capacity of each DS, customer types (residential/commercial) and load categories (deployable, interruptible, or critical). Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to model a complex decision-making process according to both expert inputs and objective parameters. Simulation case studies were conducted to demonstrate how the proposed approach can be implemented to perform DR using real-world data from an electric utility. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed approach is capable of achieving realistic demand curtailment allocations among different DSs to meet the peak load reduction requirements at the utility level.
Bad Abstract:
This paper presents and assesses a framework for an engineering capstone design program. We explain how student preparation, project selection, and instructor mentorship are the three key elements that must be addressed before the capstone experience is ready for the students. Next, we describe a way to administer and execute the capstone design experience including design workshops and lead engineers. We describe the importance in assessing the capstone design experience and report recent assessment results of our framework. We comment specifically on what students thought were the most important aspects of their experience in engineering capstone design and provide quantitative insight into what parts of the framework are most important
*First person, present tense No actual results, only describes the organization of the paper
KEYWORDS
The Title and Abstract will be used for enhanced Search Engine Optimization to select the appropriate keywords.
INTRODUCTION
The introduction gives an overall review of the paper, but does address a few slightly different issues from the abstract. It works on the principle of introducing the topic of the paper and setting it in a broader context, gradually narrowing the topic down to a research problem, thesis, and hypothesis. A good introduction explains how you mean to solve the research problem, and creates ‘leads’ to make the reader want to delve further into your work.
An introduction should comprise the description of the problem you researched and should move step by step through, should be written in present tense.
The introduction should not be too broad or vague and should be limited to not more than 2 pages.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology needs to give a completely accurate description of the equipment and the techniques used for gathering the data. Finally, you must provide an explanation of how the raw data was compiled and analyzed.
The methodology can usually be divided into a few sections.
- Describe the materials and equipment used in the research.
- Explain how the samples were gathered, any randomization techniques and how the samples were prepared.
- Explain how the measurements were made and what calculations were performed upon the raw data.
- Describe the statistical techniques used on the data.
- Use illustrations to clarify ideas, support conclusions.
The writing for the method should be clear and concise. The major point is not to stray off into giving background info, interpretation, or irrelevant detail. Write from your reader’s perspective. You will not need to explain things they already know, but you will need to paint a precise picture of your methods.
RESULTS/DISCUSSION
Results:
These should be a quick synopsis of the facts, figures and statistical tests used to arrive at your final results.
- Summarized Data
- Should be clear and concise
- Use figures or tables with narrative to illustrate findings
Be sure to include negative results – writing a results section without them not only invalidate the paper, but it is extremely bad science. The negative results, and how you handle them, often gives you the makings of a great discussion section, so do not be afraid to highlight them.
Discussion:
- Interprets the Results
- Why your research offers a new solution
- Acknowledge any limitations
You should always put your findings into the context of the previous research that you found during your literature review. Do your results agree or disagree with previous research?
Do the results of the previous research help you to interpret your own findings? If your results are very different, why? Either you have uncovered something new, or you may have made a major flaw with the design of the experiment.
Finally, after saying all of this, you can make a statement about whether the experiment has contributed to knowledge in the field, or not.
CONCLUSION
Conclusion explain what the research has achieved. This is a very quick synopsis of the results and discussion. Writing a conclusion involves summing up the paper and giving a very brief description of the results, although you should not go into too much detail about this.
When writing a conclusion, you should try to answer a few questions, as succinctly as possible:
- It relates to the problem stated in the Introduction
- Include a summary of the main findings, important conclusions, and implications for the field
- Provides benefits and shortcomings of the solution presented and research methodology. You should then point out the importance of the study and point out how it relates to the field. Whilst writing the conclusion, you should highlight any deficiencies in your methods, explaining how they may have affected your results.
Suggests future areas for research, do your findings open up any suggestions for future research?
REFERENCES
Support and validate the hypothesis your research proves, disproves, or resolves
- There is no limit to the number of references
- But use only those that directly support our work Ensure proper author attribution
- Author name, article title, publication name, publisher, year published, volume, chapter, and page number
IEEE journals generally follow a citation numbering system
FINAL TASK OF WRITERS ONCE ALL SECTIONS ARE WRITTEN:
- How do they fit together?
- Does each section perform its appointed task?
- Is the order logical?
- Do the ideas flow together? Is it easy to read?
- Does the same material appear more than ones?
- Can it be clearer?
- Is there enough detail?
LIST OF PHRASES THAT COULD BE USED IN WRITING RESEARCH PAPER:
Lists of frequently used phrases that have a general acceptance in all disciplines that you can use in specific sections of writing paper:
- Establishing why your topic (X) is important
X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..
Xs are a common / useful / critical part of…
Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread / commonly investigated types of …
X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important …
It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is …
X is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …
Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …
Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …
X has many uses / roles / applications in the field of …
A striking / useful / remarkable feature of …
The main / principal / fundamental characteristics of X are: X accounts / is responsible for
- Outlining the past-present history of the study of X (no direct references to the literature)
Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …
Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it to be Traditionally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …
Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …
Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …
X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …
For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of Xs
The last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …
The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …
Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …
X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …
- Outlining the possible future of X
The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in X In the next few years X will become / is likely to have become Within the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …
By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …
X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …
- Indicating the gap in knowledge and possible limitations
Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of … Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …
A basic / common / fundamental / crucial / major issue of …
The central / core problem of A challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of …
Current solutions to X are inconsistent / inadequate / incorrect / ineffective / inefficient / oversimplistic / unsatisfactory Many hypotheses regarding X appear to be ill-defined / unfounded / not well grounded / unsupported / questionable / disputable / debatable
The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth. It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widely understood. X is often impractical / not feasible / costly …
Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible. A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …
One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …
This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has been neglected / remains unclear …
Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied … Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for …
In spite of / Despite its shortcomings, this method has been widely applied to …
However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …
Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide …
Most studies have only focused / tended to focus on …
To date / Until now this methodology has only been applied to …
There is still some / much / considerable controversy surrounding …
There has been some disagreement concerning / regarding / with regard to whether There is little / no general agreement on …
The community has raised some issues / concerns about …
Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into question the validity of …
In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …
- Stating the aim of your paper and its contribution
In this report / paper / review / study we …
This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …
This paper examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve … This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to …
The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …
X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …
The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …
Our knowledge of X is largely based on very limited data.
The aim of the research was thus / therefore / consequently to
The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …
This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …
With this in mind / Within the framework of these criteria / In this context we tried to …
We undertook this study / initiated this research / developed this methodology to
We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to…
We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for … 6. Explaining the key terminology in your field
The term ‘X’ is generally understood to mean / has come to be used to refer to / has been applied to …
In the literature, X usually refers / often refers / tends to be used to refer to …
In the field of X, several / various / many definitions of Y can be found.
The term X is / was / has been used by Molotov [2011] to refer to …
Molotov uses the term X [2011] to refer to / denominate …
X is defined by Peng [1990] to refer to / to mean …
Vitous [2015] has provided / put forward / proposed a new definition of X, in which …
X is defined / identified / described as …
[Njimi 2004]. In the literature there seems to be no general definition of X / a general definition of X is lacking / there is no clear definition of X. Several authors have attempted to define X, but as yet / currently / at the time of writing there is still no accepted definition. In broad / general terms, X is / can be defined as a way to …
The broad / general / generally accepted use of the term X refers to …
X is sometimes equated with / embodies a series of …
X, Y and Z are three kinds / types / categories / classes of languages.
There are three kinds of languages: / The three kinds of languages are: / Languages can be divided into three kinds: X, Y and Z.
- Explaining how you will use terminology and acronyms in your paper
The acronym PC stands for / denotes …
The subjects (henceforth named / hereafter ‘X’) are…
The subject, which we shall call / refer to as ‘X’, is …
Throughout this paper / section we use the terms ‘mafia’ and ‘the mob’ interchangeably, following / in accordance with the practice of this department where this study was conducted. The fonts, i.e. / that is to say the form of the characters, are of various types.
There are three different types, namely / specifically: X, Y and Z. Throughout the / In this paper we use / will use the term X to refer to …
In this chapter X is used / will be used to refer to …
In this paper the standard meaning of X is / will be used.
This aspect is / will be dealt with in more detail in Sect. 2. We will see / learn / appreciate how relevant this is in the next subsection.
- Giving the structure of paper – what is and is not included
This paper is organized as follows / divided into five sections.
The first section / Section 1 gives a brief overview of …
The second section examines / analyses …
In the third section a case study is presented / analyzed …
A new methodology is described / outlined in the fourth section …
We / I propose a new procedure in Section 4. Some / Our conclusions are drawn in the final section. This paper / chapter / section / subsection begins by examining …
The next chapter looks at / examines / investigates the question of …
Problems / Questions / Issues regarding X are discussed in later sections. A discussion of Y is / falls outside the scope of this paper. For reasons of space, Y is not addressed / dealt with / considered in this paper. 9. Giving general panorama of past-to-present literature There is a considerable / vast amount of literature on …
In the literature there are many / several / a surprising number of / few examples of
What we know / is known about X is largely based on …
Much / Not much / Very little is known about …
Many / Few studies have been published on …
[Ref] Various approaches have been proposed / put forward / suggested / hypothesized to solve this issue [Ref]. X has been identified / indicated as being …
[Ref] X has been shown / demonstrated / proved / found to be …
[Ref] X has been widely investigated / studied / addressed …
[Ref] Xs have been receiving / gaining much attention due to …
In the traditional / classical approach, X is used to …
In recent years there has been considerable / growing interest in …
[Ref] A growing body of literature has examined / investigated / studied / analyzed / evaluated…
[Ref] Much work on the potential of X has been carried out [Ref], yet / however there are still some critical issues … [Ref]
- Reviewing subsequent and more recent literature
Experiments on X were conducted / carried out / performed on X in 2009 by a group of researchers from …
In a major advance in 2010, Berlusconi et al. surveyed / interviewed …
Jeffries and co-workers [2011] measured / calculated / estimated …
In [67] the authors investigated / studied / analyzed …
A recent review of the literature on this topic / subject / matter / area [2012] found that …
A number / An increasing number of studies have found that …
Since 2011 / In the last few years, much more information on X has become available … Several studies, for example / instance [1], [2], and [6], have been carried out / conducted / performed on X. More recent evidence [Obama, 2013] shows / suggests / highlights / reveals / proposes that …
It has now been suggested / hypothesized / proposed / shown / demonstrated that …
[Cosimo 2010] Many attempts have been made [Kim 2009, Li 2010, Hai 2011] in order to / with the purpose of / aimed at …
Mentioning positive aspects of others’ work Smith’s [22] use of X is fully justified / very plausible / endorsed by experience. Kamos’s [23] assumptions seem to be realistic / well-founded / well-grounded / plausible / reasonable / acceptable. The equations given in [24] are accurate / comprehensive …
It has been suggested [25] that … and this seems to be a reliable / useful / innovative approach … Research has tended to focus on X rather than Y. An additional problem is that / Moreover X is
The main limitation / downside / disadvantage / pitfall / shortfall of X is … One of the major drawbacks to adopting / using / exploiting this system is …
This is something of a pitfall / disadvantage … A well-known / major / serious criticism of X is
A key problem with much of the literature on / regarding / in relation to X is that …
This raises many questions about / as to / regarding whether X should be used for … One question / issue that needs to be asked / raised is … Unfortunately, it does not / fails to / neglects to explain why … This method suffers from a number / series / plethora of pitfalls. There is still considerable ambiguity / disagreement / uncertainty with regard to …
Many experts contend, however / instead / on the other hand, that this evidence is not conclusive. A related hypothesis holds / maintains that X is equal to Y, suggesting / indicating that …
Other observations indicate / would seem to suggest that this explanation is insufficient …
9.Describing purpose of testing / methods used
In order to identify / understand / investigate / study / analyze X …
To enable / allow us to … , we … To see / determine / check / verify / determine whether … To control / test for X, Y was done. So that we could / would be able to do X, we …
In an attempt / effort to do X, we … X was done / We did X in order to …
The setup we used can be found / is reported / is detailed in [Ref 2]. Our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to / is reminiscent of / is based on / is a variation on / was inspired by / owes a lot to / is more or less identical to / is practically the same as the one proposed by Smith [2014]. We used a variation of Smith’s procedure.
The procedure used is as described / explained / reported / proposed by Sakamoto [2013]. The method is in line with a variation of / essentially the same as that used by Kirk [2009] with some changes / modifications / alterations / adjustments. We refined / altered / adapted / modified / revised the method used / reported / suggested / explained / proposed / put forward by Bing [2012]. Our technique was loosely / partially / partly / to some extent based on … More details can be found / are given in our previous paper [35].
- Describing the apparatus and materials used and their source
The instrument used / utilized / adopted / employed was …
The apparatus consists of / is made up of / is composed of / is based on …
The device was designed / developed / set up in order to …
X incorporates / exploits / makes use of the latest technological advances. The system comes complete / is equipped / is fully integrated / is fitted with a …
It is mounted on / connected to / attached to / fastened to / fixed to / surrounded by / covered with / integrated into / embedded onto / encased in / housed in / aligned with … It is located in / situated in / positioned on ….
- Reporting software used
The software application / program / package used to analyze the data was SoftGather (Softsift plc, London).
The data were obtained / collected using SoftGather. Data management / analysis was performed by / using SoftGather.
X was carried out / performed / analyzed / calculated / determined using SoftGather. Statistical significance was analyzed by using / through the use of SoftGather.
We used commercially available software / a commercially available software package. Free software, downloaded from www.free.edu, was used / adopted to …
- Reporting customizations performed
X was tailored / customized for use with …
X can easily be customized / adapted / modified to suit all requirements.
Measurements were taken using purpose-built / custom-built / customized equipment.
The apparatus was adapted as in [Ref] / in accordance with [Ref] / as follows:
The following changes / modifications were made:
The resulting ad hoc device can / is able to / has the capacity to …
- Formulating equations, theories, and theorems
This problem can be outlined / phrased / posed in terms of …
The problem is ruled by / governed by / related to / correlated to …
This theorem asserts / states that …
The resulting integrals / solution to X can be expressed as … …
where T stands for / denotes / identifies / is an abbreviation for time. By substituting / Substituting / Substitution into …
Combining / Integrating / Eliminating ..
we have that: … Taking advantage of / Exploiting / Making use of X, we …
On combining this result with X, we deduce / conclude that … Subtracting X from Y, we have that / obtain / get …
Equation 1 shows / reveals that This gives the formal solution / allows a formal solution to be found … It may easily / simply verified that …
It is straightforward / easy / trivial to verify that …
For the sake of simplicity / reasons of space, we
- Explaining why you chose your specific method, model, equipment, sample etc.
The aim / purpose of X is to do Y. Consequently we / As a result we / Therefore we / We thus This method / model / system was chosen because it is one of the most practical / feasible / economic / rapid ways to …
We chose this particular apparatus because / on account of the fact that / due to / since …
It was decided that the best procedure / method / equipment for this investigation / study was to …
An X approach was chosen / selected in order to …
The design of the X was based on / is geared towards …
We opted for / chose a small sample size because / due to / on the basis of …
By having / By exploiting / Through the use of X, we were able to …
Having an X enabled us to / allowed us to / meant that we could do Y. 24. Explaining the preparation of samples, solutions etc. We used reliable / innovative / classic / traditional techniques based on the recommendations of …
Xs were prepared as described by / according to / following Jude [2010]. Xs were prepared in accordance with / in compliance with / as required by….
Y was prepared using the same / a similar procedure as for X. All samples were carefully / thoroughly checked for …
X was gradually / slowly / rapidly / gently heated
The final / resulting solutions contained … This was done by means of / using / with a calculator.
- Describing benefits of your method, equipment etc.
This method represents a viable / valuable / useful / groundbreaking / innovative alternative to
This equipment has the ability / capacity / potential to outperform all previous Xs. This apparatus has several / many interesting features / characteristics. Our method has many interesting / attractive / beneficial / useful / practical / effective / valuable applications. Of particular / major / fundamental interest is …
The key / basic / chief / crucial / decisive / essential / fundamental / important / main / major / principal advantages are: Our procedure is a clear improvement / advance on current methods. We believe this solution will aid / assist researchers to …
This solution improves on / enhances / furthers / advances previous methods by …
The benefits / advantages in terms of X far outweigh the disadvantages with regard to Y. 30. Outlining alternative approaches.
A less lengthy / time-consuming / cumbersome / costly approach is …
A neater / more elegant / simplified / more practical solution for this problem …
An alternative solution, though with high overheads / slightly more complicated / less exhaustive is …
One / One possible / A good way to avoid the use of X is to use Y instead.
- Explaining how you got your results
To assess X / evaluate X / distinguish between X and Y, Z was used. X analysis was used to test / predict / confirm Y. Changes in X were identified / calculated / compared using …
The correlation / difference between X and Y was tested. The first set of analyses investigated / examined / confirmed / highlighted the impact of …
- Highlighting significant results and achievements
The most striking / remarkable result to emerge from the data is that …
Interestingly / Curiously / Remarkably / Inexplicably, this correlation is related to …. Significantly / Importantly / Crucially / Critically, X is …
The correlation between X and Y is interesting / of interest / worth noting / noteworthy / worth mentioning because …
The most surprising / remarkable / intriguing correlation is with the …
The single most striking / conspicuous / marked observation to emerge from the data comparison was …
It is interesting / critical / crucial / important / fundamental to note that …
We believe that / As far as we know / As far as we aware this is the first time that X …
We believe that / We are of the opinion that / In our view the result emphasizes the validity of our model. This result has further strengthened our confidence in X / conviction that X is / hypothesis that X is …
Our technique shows a clear / clearly has an advantage over …
The importance of X cannot be stressed / emphasized too much. This underlines / highlights / stresses / proves / demonstrates just how important X is. The utility of X is thus underlined / highlighted / stressed / proved / demonstrated. This finding confirms / points to / highlights / reinforces / validates the usefulness of X as a …
Our study provides additional support for / further evidence for / considerable insight into X. These results extend / further / widen our knowledge of X. These results offer compelling / indisputable / crucial / overwhelming / powerful / invaluable / unprecedented / unique / vital evidence for …
- Stating that your results confirm previous evidence
Our experiments confirm / corroborate / are in line with / are consistent with previous results [Wiley 2009]. The values are barely / scarcely / hardly distinguishable from [Li 2010] who …
This value has been found to be / is typical of X. This is in good agreement / in complete agreement / consistent with …
This fits / matches / concurs well with [65] and also confirms our earlier / previous findings [39, 40, 41]. This confirms / supports / lends support to / substantiates previous findings in the literature …
These values correlate favorably / satisfactorily / fairly well with Svenson [2009] and further support the idea / role / concept of …
Further tests carried out with X confirmed / corroborated / concurred with our initial findings. As proposed / suggested / reported / indicated / put forward by Dong [2011], the evidence we found points to …
Our results share / have a number of similarities with Claire et al.’s [2012] findings …
- Stating that your results are in contrast with previous evidence
It was found that X = 2, whereas / on the other hand Kamatchi [2011] found that …
We found much higher values for X than / with respect to those reported by Pandey [2000]. Although / Despite the fact that Li and Mithran [2014] found that X = 2 we found that X = 3. In contrast to / contradiction with earlier findings [Castenas, 2009], we …
This study has not confirmed previous research on X. However, / Nevertheless / Despite this, it serves to …
Even though these results differ from some published / previous / earlier studies (Cossu, 2001; Triana, 2002), they are consistent with those of …
Kosov et al. noted that x = y. Our results do not support / appear to corroborate / seem to confirm their observation, in fact …
Georgiev is correct to argue / propose / claim that x = y. However, his calculation only referred to the limited case of ….
and our conclusion of x = z, would thus seem to be justified / justifiable / defensible / correct / acceptable / warranted. Although our results differ slightly / to some extent / considerably from those of Minhaz [2001], Erturk [2007], and Hayk [2014], it can / could nevertheless be argued that … Our findings do / The current study does not support previous research in this area. In fact, contrary to / unlike / in contrast with what was previously thought, we found that …
These findings refute / disprove / are in contradiction with / contrast with / significantly differ from previous results reported in the literature. 38. Stating and justifying the acceptability of your results
As expected / anticipated / predicted / forecast / hypothesized, our experiments show / demonstrate / prove that …
Our formula captures / reproduces the response of …
Apart from this slight discordance / discrepancy / disagreement / non-alignment, the result is confirmation of … Despite / Notwithstanding the lack of agreement, we believe our findings compare well with … Although / Even though / Despite the fact that there was some inconsistency …
There is satisfactory / good / exceptional / perfect agreement between …
No significant / substantial / appreciable / noteworthy differences were found … Our findings appear to be well substantiated / supported by …
The number of Xs that confirmed our findings was appreciable / significant / substantial.
- Explaining and justifying undesired or unexpected results
It is very likely / probable / possible that participants may have erroneously …
and this may have led to / brought about changes in …
The prime / primary / foremost cause of the discrepancy is due to / a result of / a consequence of X. This apparent lack of correlation can be attributed to / explained by / justified by …
The reason for this rather contradictory result is still not entirely / completely clear, but … There are several possible explanations for this result / finding / outcome.
These differences can be explained / justified / accounted for in part by …
It can thus be suggested / conceivably hypothesized / reasonably assumed that …
The unexpectedly high / low level of X is undoubtedly / certainly / without any doubt due to A possible / reasonable / satisfactory explanation for X may be that ….
Another possible explanation / rationalization / reason for this is that … Clearly / Evidently / Naturally there may be other possible explanations. This happened / occurred / may have happened / may have occurred because we had not examined X sufficiently / in enough depth due to …
The reasons for this result are not yet wholly / completely / entirely understood. It cannot be ruled out / ignored that there was some unintended bias in …
An unintended bias cannot be ruled out / should be taken into consideration. We cannot rule out that X might / may have influenced Y. The observed increase in X could be attributed to / might be explained by it / could be interpreted as being a result of …
Despite the fact that / Although X was expected to do Y, it was not predicted that X would also do Z. However, this is not particularly surprising given the fact / in light of the fact / if we consider that …
- Announcing your conclusions and summarizing content
In conclusion / In summary / In sum / To sum up, our work …
Our work has led us to conclude / the conclusion that …
We have presented / outlined / described …
In this paper / study / review we have …
This paper has investigated / explained / given an account of …
have obtained accurate / satisfactory / comprehensive results proving / demonstrating / showing that …
have devised a methodology / procedure / strategy which … We have confirmed / provided further evidence / demonstrated that …
Considerable progress has been made / insight has been gained with regard to …
The present study has only investigated / examined X. Therefore / Consequently …
The project / analysis / testing / sampling was limited in several ways. First, …
Finally, a number of potential limitations / weaknesses / shortfalls / shortcomings / weak points need to be considered. First, …
However, given the small sample size, caution must be exercised / taken / used / applied. The findings might not be transferable to / generalized to / representative of …
The present findings might help to solve / have important implications for solving / suggest several courses of action in order to solve this problem. X is suitable for / has the potential to
Our method / technique / approach / procedure could be applied to …
One possible / potential / promising application of our technique would be … Results so far have been very promising / encouraging and …
This approach has the potential / requirements / characteristics / features to …
This could eventually / conceivably / potentially / hypothetically lead to …
- Future work already underway or planned by the authors We are currently / now / in the process of investigating … Research into solving this problem is already underway / in progress. To further our research, we plan / are planning / intend to …
Future work will concentrate on / focus on / explore / investigate / look into …
Further studies, which take X into account, will need to be undertaken / performed. We hope that further tests will prove our theory / confirm our findings. These topics are reserved for / deferred to future work.
- Future work proposed for third parties to carry out
Further work needs to be done / carried out / performed to establish whether …
Further experimental investigations / tests / studies are needed to estimate …
More / Additional / Further work on X, would help us to do Y. We hope / believe / are confident that our research will serve as a base for future studies on …
It is recommended / We recommend / We suggest / We propose that further research should be undertaken in the following areas: More broadly / On a wider level, research is also needed to determine ….
This research has raised / given rise to / thrown up many questions in need of further investigation / study / examination. This is an important / a fundamental / a vital issue for future research.
The design and development of Xs will challenge / be a challenge for us for years. Future work should concentrate / focus on enhancing the quality of X.
Future studies should target / aim at / examine / deal with / address X.
Future studies on the current topic are therefore required / needed / recommended / suggested in order to establish / verify / validate / elucidate …
Our results are encouraging / promising and should be validated by a larger sample size.
- Referring to tables and figures, and to their implications
Table 1 compares / lists / details / summarizes the data on X. Table 2 proves / shows / demonstrates / illustrates / highlights that X is …
Figure 1 presents / reports / shows / details the data on X. Figure 3 pinpoints / indicates exactly where X meets Y. As shown / highlighted / illustrated / detailed / can be seen in Fig. 1, the value of …
The value of X is greater when Y = 2 (Fig. 1 / Eq. 2) The results on X can be seen / are compared / are presented in Fig. 1. From the graph / photo / chart / histogram we can see / note that …
It can be seen in / is apparent from Fig. 1 that …
We observe / note from Table 1 that .. The graph above / below / to the left / to the right shows that …
Figure 8 shows a clear trend / significant difference in … The table is revealing / interesting in several ways. First …
- Making transitions, focusing on a new topic
If we now turn to / Turning now to / Let us know look at the second part …
As far as X is / Xs are concerned …
As regards / Regarding / Regarding the use of / As for X, it was found that …
- Referring backwards and forwards in the paper
As was mentioned / stated / noted / discussed / reported in the Methods, …
reported above / previously / earlier / before …
As mentioned / stated / outlined in the literature review …
above- / afore-mentioned X is …
More details on this will be given below / in the next section / in the appendix. The following is / Here follows / Below is a list of …
Please refer to Appendix 2 / Table 6 / the Supplementary Material for
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